Bioactivity evaluation of least explored traditionally acclaimed medicinally potent herb Nanorrhinum ramosissimum(Wall. ) Betsche

Abstract Present study analysed the therapeutic potential of traditionally acclaimed medicinal herb Nanorrhinum ramosissimum, using plant parts extracted with different solvents (10 mg/mL). Shoot extracts exhibited comparatively better antimicrobial properties, in comparison to root extracts. Total phenolic content was estimated, to ascertain its dependency on antioxidant properties of plant extracts. Antioxidant assay revealed promising results in comparison to IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid (52.2±0.07 µg/mL), for methanolic extracts of shoot (61.07±0.53 µg/mL and 64.33±0.33 µg/mL) and root (76.705±0.12 µg/mL and 89.73±0.28 µg/ mL) for in vivo and in vitro regenerants respectively. Correlation coefficient R2 values ranged between 0.90-0.95, indicating a positive correlation between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Plant extracts were also able to inhibit DNA oxidative damage again indicating their antioxidative potential. Antidiabetic potential was confirmed by alpha amylase inhibition assay where shoot methanolic extracts (invivo, in vitro) exhibited the best IC50 values (54.42±0.16 µg/mL, 66.09±0.12 µg/mL) in comparison to standard metformin (41.92±0.08 µg/mL). Ethanolic extracts of roots (in vitro, invivo) exhibited the relative IC50 values (88.97±0.32µg/mL,96.63±0.44 µg/mL) indicating that shoot parts had a better alpha amylase inhibition property; thus proving the herb's bioactive potential and its prospective therapeutic source for curing various ailments.

Neuroprotective potential of the Amazonian fruits Euterpe oleracea Mart. and Paullinia cupana Kunth

Abstract Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) are native species from the Amazon Forest that in folk medicine are used to treat several diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review brings together findings from different studies on the potential neuroprotective effects of acai and guarana, highlighting the importance of the conservation and sustainable exploitation of the Amazon Forest. A bibliographic survey in the PubMed database retrieved indexed articles written in English that focused on the effects of acai and guarana in in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. In general, treatment with either acai or guarana decreased neuroinflammation, increased antioxidant responses, ameliorated depression, and protected cells from neurotoxicity mediated by aggregated proteins. The results from these studies suggest that flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids found in both acai and guarana have therapeutic potential not only for neurodegenerative diseases, but also for depressive disorders. In addition, acai and guarana show beneficial effects in slowing down the physiological aging process. However, toxicity and efficacy studies are still needed to guide the formulation of herbal medicines from acai and guarana.

Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Lipid Profiling of Spermadicyton Suaveolens in Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetic Rats

ABSTRACT Diabetes is a life-threatening disease, and currently available synthetic medicines for treating diabetes are associated with various side effects. Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop herbal remedies against diabetes as an alternative to synthetic medicines. Although local healers use the roots of Spermadicyton suaveolens (SS) to manage diabetes, there is negligible research to validate its antidiabetic properties. The present investigation aims to the assess the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic potential of the ethanolic extract of S. Suaveolen's roots (EESS) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. The in vivo antidiabetic potential of EESS (at 200 and 400 mg/kg) was studied on STZ-induced diabetic rats for 20 days. The EESS displayed significant (p<0.05) antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. The administration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg EESS in STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly reduced hyperglycemia, and restored antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile-a high density lipoprotein (HDL) increased by the administration of a single dose of streptozotocin. Thus, EESS could be a promising herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia

Development of microparticles and microparticulated tablets containing piperine

Abstract Piper nigrum (black pepper) is used in Indian traditional medicine and its main alkaloid, Piperine (PIP), presents antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective pharmacological properties. This substance is insoluble in aqueous media and can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Aiming to avoid these inconvenient characteristics and enable PIP oral administration, this study suggested the PIP microencapsulation through the emulsion-solvent evaporation method and the preparation of microparticulated tablets by direct compression. An UV-spectroscopy method was validated to quantify PIP. Microparticles and microparticulated tablets were successfully obtained and the microparticles exhibited excellent flow. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that PIP microparticles were intact after compression. The in vitro release showed a controlled release of PIP from microparticles and PIP microparticles from tablets in comparison to PIP and PIP tablets. The release profiles of PIP microparticles and the microparticulated tablets were similar. Therefore, tablets containing PIP microparticles are promising multiparticulated dosage forms because a tablet allows microparticles administration and the intact ones promote a controlled release, decreasing its irritating potential on the mucosa.

The activity of propolis against pathogenic fungi isolated from human infections

Abstract Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by bees from the buds or other parts of plants. It is known for having various biological properties, including antifungal activity. Among the substances present in propolis, flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters are responsible for its antifungal properties. This means that propolis is ideal for use as an antifungal agent in alternative medicine to treat a number of both topical and systemic infections caused by Candida species and other yeast-like fungi, dermatophyte and nondermatophyte moulds, without the serious side effects typical of synthetic treatment. It is also active against strains of fungi that are resistant to polyenes and azoles, the classes of drugs most commonly used to treat fungal infections. In this article, we review current knowledge about the activity of propolis from different parts of the world and its components in vitro and in vivo against pathogenic fungi isolated from human infections. The article also indicates the possible mechanism of antifungal activity of propolis and its components.

In vitro antibacterial-antibiofilm effect of Hypericum atomarium Boiss and chemical composition

Abstract Treatment with plant is considered an effective option against increased antibiotic resistance. In this study antibiofilm activity of methanol (CH3OH), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water (H2O) extracts of Hypericum atomarium Boiss. which is member of Hypericum genus was evaluated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and antibacterial performance against Gram (+) and Gram (-) strains and also bioactive compounds of extract were analysed using by HPLC and GC-MS. According to antibacterial activity test results the extracts were effective all Gram (+) bacteria and Gram (-) Chromobacterium violaceum (MICs ranging from 0.42 µg/ml to 4.3 mg). Inhibition effect of biofilm formation was found to be different rate in extracts (methanol-63%, chloroform-52%). The major flavonoids were detected (−)-epicatechin (2388.93 µg/ml) and (+)-catechin (788.94 µg/ml). The main phenolic acids were appeared as caffeic acid 277.34 µg/ml and chlorogenic acid 261.79 µg/ml. And according to GC results α-pinene was found main compound for three solvent extracts methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate 67.05, 62.69, 49.28% rate respectively

Development and characterization of photoprotective nanoemulsions containing Babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart. ) lipophilic extract

Abstract Oil-in-water photoprotective nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed using Babassu (BBS) lipophilic extract, nonionic surfactants, and low concentrations of organic sunscreens by ultrasonic processing. BBS extract was chosen due to its suitable physicochemical properties (acidity index, peroxide index, refraction index, and relative density) and predominance of saturated fatty acids, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which promote biological activities and high oxidative stability. NEs were characterized by mean droplet size, morphology, polydispersity index (PdI), pH, and organoleptic properties, and the physical stability of the NEs was evaluated for 120 days at room temperature. The sun protection factor (SPF) was determined, and the photostability and in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed for NEs. All NEs remained stable for 120 days, with a droplet size <150 nm and a monomodal distribution profile. The pH values were compatible with the skin's pH. NE3 showed a spherical morphology, with a mean droplet size of 125.15 ± 0.16 nm and PdI of 0.145 ± 0.032. NE3 containing BBS extract and sunscreens presented an SPF of 35.5 ± 3.0, was photostable after 6 h of radiation and was non-cytotoxic to fibroblast cells. Thus, NE3 could be considered a promising formulation for developing synergic plant-extract sunscreen photoprotective products for the market

Efeitos do laser de baixa intensidade em osteoblastos cultivados em arcabouços nanofibrosos de ácido polilático / Effects of low-intensity laser on osteoblasts cultured on polylactic acid nanofibrous scaffolds

A engenharia de tecidos ósseos é um ramo importante da medicina regenerativa e envolve o desenvolvimento de arcabouços com composição e arquitetura favoráveis à integração celular, além do estudo de fatores capazes de promover a adesão e proliferação celular, incluindo estímulos químicos e biofísicos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a utilização do laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) como uma ferramenta para promover a bioestimulação in vitro de células osteoblásticas cultivadas em arcabouços nanofibrosos de ácido polilático (PLA). Os arcabouços foram produzidos pela técnica de eletrofiação e caracterizados quanto à molhabilidade, composição pela espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), morfologia da superfície por microscópica eletrônica de varredura (MEV), caracterização termogravimétrica (TGA), calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC) e cristalinidade por difração de raios-X (DRX). Os ensaios biológicos foram conduzidos com osteoblastos da linhagem OFCOL II cultivados na superfície dos arcabouços e submetidos ou não (grupo controle) a irradiação com laser diodo InGaAIP na potência de 30 mW, nas doses de 1, 4 e 6 J/cm² e nos comprimentos de onda de 660 nm (grupos V1, V4, V6, respectivo as doses) e 780 nm (grupos I1, I4 e I6, respectivo as doses). Os efeitos do LBI na proliferação dos osteoblastos foram avaliados através do método bioquímico Alamar Blue, nos intervalos de 24, 48 e 72h, enquanto a viabilidade e a morfologia celular foram analisadas no intervalo de 72h, através do ensaio Live/Dead e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), respectivamente. Os dados do ensaio bioquímico de Alamar Blue mostraram uma maior proliferação celular nos grupos V6 em todos os intervalos analíticos em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Outras diferenças entre o grupo controle e irradiados foram encontradas apenas nos intervalos de 48h e 72h para V1, e para o grupo IV6 em 72h. O ensaio Live/Dead revelou um aumento na viabilidade celular nos grupos trados com LBI, sendo significativamente maior no grupo V1 quando comparado ao grupo controle. A análise por MEV mostrou adequada interação dos osteoblastos aos arcabouços, com o corpo celular se espalhando ao longo do eixo da nanofibra e a presença de contatos físicos mais evidentes, através da formação de ligação por meio de filopódios e lamelipódios, nos grupos V1, V6 e I6. Em conjunto, os dados do presente trabalho mostraram que o LBI promove a bioestimulação de osteoblastos cultivados sobre nanofibras de PLA, o que aponta para o seu uso potencial nas técnicas de engenharia tecidual óssea, sobretudo no que se refere ao uso do comprimento de onda de 660 nm, a qual apresentou grupos com mais resultados significativos (AU).

Bone tissue engineering is a relevant branch of regenerative medicine and involves the development of scaffolds with composition and architecture favorable to cell integration, in addition to studying factors capable of promoting cell adhesion and proliferation, including chemical and biophysical stimuli. The study aimed to evaluate the use of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) to promote in vitro biostimulation of osteoblastic cells cultured on polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous scaffolds. The scaffolds were produced by the electrospinning technique and characterized in terms of wettability, composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric characterization (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and crystallinity by Xray diffraction (XRD). The biological assays were conducted with osteoblasts of the OFCOL II lineage cultured on the surface of the scaffolds and submitted or not (control group) to irradiation with InGaAIP diode laser, power of 30 mW, with doses of 1, 4 and 6 J/cm² and wavelengths of 660 nm (groups V1, V4, V6, respectively doses) and 780 nm (groups I1, I4 and I6, respectively doses). The effects of LLLT from the perspective of osteoblasts were evaluated using the biochemical method Alamar Blue assay, at intervals of 24, 48 and 72h, while cell viability and morphology were observed at 72h, using the Live/Dead assay and electron microscopy. scan (SEM), respectively. The Alamar Blue assay data showed more significant cell proliferation in groups in the V6 groups at all analytical intervals compared to the control group (p<0.05). Other differences between the control and irradiated groups were found only at intervals of 48h and 72h for V1, and for group IV6 at 72h. The Live/Dead assay revealed an increase in cell viability in the groups treated with LLLT, being significantly higher in the V1 group when compared to the control group. SEM analysis showed adequate interaction between osteoblasts and scaffolds, with the cell body spreading along the nanofiber axis and the presence of more evident physical contacts, through the formation of bonds through filopodia and lamellipodia, in groups V1, V6 and I6. Together, the data from the present study observed that LLLT promotes the biostimulation of osteoblasts cultured on PLA nanofibers, which pointed to its potential use in bone tissue engineering techniques, especially with regard to the use of the wavelength of 660 nm, which presented groups with more significant results (AU).

Impacto da biomodificação com extrato de Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) na resistência máxima à tração de um selante resinoso / Impact of biomodification with Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) extract on the maximum tensile strength of a resinous sealant

Introdução: Os selantes resinosos apresentam uma alta taxa de sucesso na prevenção da cárie dentária, porém não possuem atividade antibacteriana, sendo a incidência de novas lesões um dos fatores que ainda causam impacto negativo na qualidade de vida das pessoas. A biomodificação com o extrato da Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) pode ser uma alternativa no aperfeiçoamento das suas características clínicas. Objetivo: Avaliar se a biomodificação do selante Fluroshield® com diferentes concentrações do extrato do caule do Schinopsis brasiliensis afeta sua resistência máxima à tração (resistência coesiva). Metodologia: O extrato foi pesado em balança analítica e misturado ao selante nas concentrações de 0 mg/mL (controle), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL e 1,25 mg/mL e espatulado por 1 min., utilizando uma placa de vidro. Amostras em formato de barra com dimensões de 8 mm (comprimento) x 2 mm (largura) e 1 mm (espessura) foram confeccionadas (n=3) e submetidas ao teste de resistência máxima à tração em máquina de ensaio semi universal (OM 100). Antes da fixação delas nas placas de ensaio, a medida da secção transversal (mm2) foi aferida com paquímetro. Os dados foram obtidos em Kgf e transformados em MPa. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). Resultados: A resistência máxima à tração dos grupos em mediana (mínimo-máximo) dos grupos 0 mg/mL (controle), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL e 1,25 mg/mL foi, respectivamente, 56 (29-56), 53 (45-60), 48 (46-62) e 61 (38-64). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (p=0,8). Conclusão: A adição do extrato do caule de Schinopsis brasiliensis não reduziu a resistência máxima à tração do selante Fluroshield® (AU).

Introduction: Resin-based sealants have a high success rate in preventing dental caries, but they do not have antibacterial activity, so that a high incidence of caries lesions is observed, which negatively impacts on health quality. The biomodification with the Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) stem extract may be an alternative to improve its clinical characteristics. Objective: To evaluate if the biomodification of the Fluroshield® sealant with different amounts of Schinopsis brasiliensis affects its ultimate tensile strength. Methods: The extract was weighed on an analytical balance and mixed with the sealant in different concentrations: 0 mg/mL (control), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL by mixing for 1 min. Bar-shaped specimens with dimensions of 8 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm were prepared (n=3). The ultimate tensile strength was measured using a microtensile machine (OM100). Before testing, the sectional area (mm2) was obtained with a caliper. Data were obtained in Kgf and transformed into MPa. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). Results: The maximum tensile strength in median (minimum-maximum) of the 0 mg/mL (control), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL groups was, respectively, 56 (29-56), 53 (45-60), 48 (46- 62) and 61 (38-64). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups (p=0.8). Conclusion: The addition of Schinopsis brasiliensis stem extract did not decrease the ultimate tensile strength of the Fluroshield® sealant (AU).

Exploring four South African Croton species for potential anti-inflammatory properties: in vitro activity and toxicity risk assessment.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The African Continent harbours approximately 26 Croton species. Many Croton species are used in traditional medicine in southern Africa to treat a variety of ailments including malaria, tuberculosis, microbial infection and inflammation. Considering the high diversity of the genus Croton, the ethnopharmacological information available on southern African species is rather limited. Furthermore, the potential for novel anti-inflammatory drug scaffolds has not previously been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of four South African Croton species extracts (Croton gratissimus, Croton pseudopulchellus, Croton sylvaticus, and Croton steenkampianus) for anti-inflammatory activity targeting the TLR4 signalling pathway and to assess the potential risk for hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity using an in vitro cellomics approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Leaf extracts of C. gratissimus, C. pseudopulchellus, C. sylvaticus and C. steenkampianus were prepared using methanol and chloroform (1:1, v/v). The anti-inflammatory activity was determined using LPS induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, while the hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity was evaluated using multi-parameter end point analysis in C3A and Vero cells, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, oxidative stress, lysosomal content and lipid accumulation were used as markers to assess the risk for hepatotoxicity. RESULTS: All four species attenuated nitric oxide production with negligible cytotoxicity. However, C. gratissimus yielded the most favorable profile. Cell density was significantly reduced in both C3A and Vero cells with the C. gratissimus extract providing a suitable toxicity profile amenable to further high content analysis. While there was no meaningful effect on mitochondrial dynamics, a strong dose dependent increase in lipid content, paralleled by an expansion of the lysosomal compartment, identifies a potential risk for steatosis. Risk for genotoxicity was investigated using the micronucleus assay which revealed a dose dependent increase in micronuclei formation. Changes in nuclear morphology and cell ploidy further strengthens the associated risk for genotoxicity and suggests the extract from C. gratissimus may function as an aneugen. Collectively, the data demonstrates that although the selected species possess anti-inflammatory components, the risk for possible hepatotoxic and genotoxic side effects may negate their prospect towards further drug development.

Formulation development of anti-rheumatoid gel of Saraca asoca (Roxb. ) De Wilde hydroalcoholic extract containing eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil as penetration enhancer

Abstract In the present research investigation, various concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extract of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde (family: Caesalpinaceae) dried bark and carbopol polymer at different temperature ranges were optimized for the preparation of gel formulation. Natural penetration enhancers, v.i.z., eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil were incorporated separately in the extract based gel formulations to study the rate of drug permeation across egg membrane, using franz diffusion cell. In vitro anti-arthritis potential of the formulations was also studied using inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase activity and membrane stabilization method. As per the results of current study, it is established that S. asoca dried bark hydroalcoholic extract based gel prepared using peppermint oil as penetration enhancer exhibited good permeation rate of 8.48% at the end of 3 h. The percentage inhibition of proteins by antiproteinase method at concentration of 50 µg/ml was 50.01±1.00% which was close to 53.92±0.99% as shown by the standard drug, Diclofenac. Also, the percent protein inhibition determined using membrane stabilization method was found to be 49.70±1.00%, however, it was 63.32±0.94% for the standard drug, Diclofenac. Hence, it is concluded that peppermint oil may act as a good candidate for the preparation of potent anti-rheumatic gel preparations.

In vivo antimalarial activity of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems containing ethanolic extract of Morinda lucida in combination with other Congolese plants extracts

Abstract Morinda lucida leaves are largely used by Congolese traditional healers for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. The antimalarial activity of their ethanolic extract has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. However, the development of relevant formulations for potential clinical application is hampered since the active ingredients contained in this extract exhibit poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Hence, this work aims not only to develop self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) for oral delivery of the ethanolic extract of Morinda lucida (ML) but also to evaluate its oral antimalarial activity alone and in combination with other Congolese ethanolic plant extracts (Alstonia congensis, Garcinia kola, Lantana camara, Morinda morindoides or Newbouldia laevis). Based on the solubility of these different extracts in various excipients, SNEDDS preconcentrates were prepared, and 200 mg/g of each plant extract were suspended in these formulations. The 4-day suppressive Peter's test revealed a significant parasite growth inhibiting effect for all the extract-based SNEDDS (from 55.0 to 82.4 %) at 200 mg/kg. These activities were higher than those of their corresponding ethanolic suspensions given orally at the same dose (p<0.05). The combination therapy of MLSNEDDS with other extract-based SNEDDS exhibited remarkable chemosuppression, ranging from 74.3 % to 95.8 % (for 100 + 100 mg/kg) and 86.7 % to 95.5 % (for 200 + 200 mg/kg/day). In regard to these findings, SNEDDS suspension may constitute a promising approach for oral delivery of ML alone or in combination with other antimalarial plants.

Desenvolvimento de bebidas lácteas probióticas adicionadas de polpa de morango e suplementadas com L-triptofano elaboradas a partir de leite bubalino e bovino / Development of probiotic dairy beverages with strawberry pulp and supplemented with L-tryptophan from buffalo and bovine milk

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma formulação de bebida láctea bubalina probiótica adicionada de polpa de morango, comparando os efeitos do uso do leite de búfala e de vaca na elaboração dos produtos e verificando a possibilidade de suplementação com triptofano nos produtos lácteos probióticos. Como primeira etapa do trabalho, bebidas lácteas probióticas foram elaboradas a partir de leite bubalino e bovino, fermentadas com Streptococcus thermophilus TA040, Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, e formuladas com 0, 25 e 50% de soro em sua formulação. As bebidas foram avaliadas quanto à cinética de fermentação das culturas láticas utilizadas, ao teor de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais não gordurosos, pós-acidificação, viabilidade das culturas fermentadoras e sua capacidade de sobrevivência ao estresse gastrointestinal in vitro. As bebidas lácteas bubalinas apresentaram resultados superiores as bebidas bovinas. O uso do leite de búfala na elaboração das bebidas lácteas promoveu benefícios quanto as culturas láticas presentes nos produtos, exercendo efeito protetivo e influindo na preservação da viabilidade das bactérias ao longo do armazenamento refrigerado e durante a simulação do estresse gastrointestinal in vitro. As bebidas lácteas elaboradas com 25% apresentaram os resultados mais próximos aos obtidos pelos produtos controle, sem adição de soro, sendo selecionadas para a segunda parte do estudo. Nesta etapa, as formulações de bebida láctea com 25% de soro, foram acrescidas de um preparado com polpa de morango e bebidas sem adição da fruta, utilizadas como controle. As bebidas lácteas bubalinas frutadas, apresentaram menor teor de gordura e melhores características reológicas, com maior viscosidade e consistência do que os produtos controle, sem afetar a pós-acidificação, o perfil de ácido graxo, assim como, a viabilidade e a resistência às condições de estresse gastrointestinal in vitro das culturas fermentadoras. A avaliação da possibilidade de suplementar lácteos probióticos com triptofano foi realizada em conjunto com a Universidade de Milão. Para isso, iogurtes probióticos receberam adição de triptofano antes ou após a fermentação, sendo avaliados com relação ao perfil de pós-acidificação, quantidade de triptofano nos produtos, número de células viáveis por plaqueamento e citometria de fluxo ao longo do armazenamento a 25° e 4°C. Complementarmente, a influência da presença do triptofano no crescimento e produção de compostos antimicrobianos pelas culturas láticas, também foi avaliada. A adição de triptofano após a fermentação dos iogurtes, que foram armazenados sob refrigeração (4°C), além de não afetar a pós-acidificação dos produtos, apresentou benefícios quanto a viabilidade L. acidophilus, redução do dano e aumento do número de células vivas, promovendo teor maior do aminoácido nos iogurtes. A presença do triptofano nos meios de cultivo, também influenciou de forma positiva o crescimento de S. thermophilus e L. acidophilus, melhorando o desenvolvimento das bactérias durante a fermentação e influindo em uma maior atividade antilistérica por parte do S. thermophilus. Diante da influência positiva da aplicação do leite de búfala na elaboração das bebidas lácteas, assim como, a adição do triptofano em iogurtes probióticos, a suplementação do aminoácido em bebidas lácteas bubalinas frutadas permitiria a obtenção de um produto funcional, onde seus benefícios estariam relacionados tanto ao consumo do probiótico presente no produto quanto a complementação de triptofano na dieta do consumidor

The aim of this study was to develop a formulation of probiotic buffalo dairy beverage added with strawberry pulp, comparing the effects of using buffalo and cow's milk in the preparation of products and verifying the possibility of tryptophan supplementation in probiotic dairy products. As a first stage of the work, probiotic dairy beverages were made from buffalo and bovine milk, fermented with Streptococcus thermophiles TA040, Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, and formulated with 0, 25 and 50% whey in their formulation. The beverages were evaluated for the fermentation kinetics of the used lactic cultures, the levels of protein, fat and total no fat solids, post-acidification, fermenting cultures viability and their ability to survive gastrointestinal stress in vitro. Buffalo milk use in dairy beverages production promoted benefits regarding the lactic cultures present in the products, exerting a protective effect and influencing the viability preservation of bacteria during the cold storage and simulation of gastrointestinal stress in vitro. Dairy beverages made with 25% whey addition showed results similar to those obtained by the control products, without whey addition, being selected for the second part of the study. In this part, the dairy beverages formulations with 25% whey, were added with a preparation were added with a strawberry pulp preparation and dairy beverages without added fruit, used as a control. Fruity bubaline dairy beverages had lower fat content and better rheological characteristics, with higher viscosity and consistency than control products, without affecting post-acidification, fatty acid profile, as well as viability and resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal condition of fermented cultures. The possibility of supplementing probiotic dairy products with tryptophan was evaluated in partnership with the University of Milan. For this, probiotic yogurts received the addition of tryptophan before or after fermentation, being evaluated in relation to the post-acidification profile, tryptophan amount in the products, viable cell number per plating and flow cytometry during storage at 25°C and 4°C. In addition, the influence of the tryptophan presence on the growth and production of antimicrobial compounds by lactic cultures was also evaluated. The addition of tryptophan after the yogurt fermentation, which were stored under refrigeration (4°C), in addition to not affecting the post-acidification of the products, showed benefits to the viability of L. acidophilus, reduced the damage and increased the number of cells promoting higher amino acid content in yogurts. Tryptophan presence in the culture media also positively influenced the growth of S. thermophiles and L. acidophilus, improving the development of bacteria during fermentation and influencing better antilisteric activity in the part of S. thermophiles. In view of the buffalo milk positive influence observed after the application in dairy beverage preparation, as well as the addition of tryptophan in probiotic yoghurts, amino acid supplementation in fruity buffalo dairy beverages would allow to obtain a functional product, where its benefits would be related both to the consumption of the probiotic present in the product as to the supplementation of tryptophan in the consumer's diet

In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti- proliferative activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles - Phoenix dactylifera (Rothan dates)

Abstract Traditionally dates is consumed as a rich source of iron supplement and the current research discuss the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic seed extract of Rothan date and its application over in vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cell line (A549). FTIR result of synthesised AgNPs reveals the presence of functional group OH as capping agent. XRD pattern confirms the crystalline nature of the AgNPs with peaks at 38º, 44º, 64º and 81º, indexed by (111), (200), (220) and (222) in the 2θ range of 10-90, indicating the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of metallic Ag. HR- TEM results confirm the morphology of AgNPs as almost spherical with high surface areas and average size of 42 ± 9nm. EDX spectra confirmed that Ag is only the major element present and the Dynamic light scattering (DLS) assisted that the Z-average size was 203nm and 1.0 of PdI value. Zeta potential showed − 26.5mv with a single peak. The results of the biological activities of AgNPs exhibited dose dependent activity with 68.44% for arthritic, antiinflammatory with 63.32% inhibition and anti-proliferative activity illustrated IC50 value of 59.66 µg/mL expressing the potential of AgNPs to combat cancer

Anti urolithiatic activity of Cyperus rotundus tubers: In silico, In vitro and In vivo approaches

Abstract The present research evaluated the anti urolithic potential of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract using in silico, in vitro and in vivo techniques. In silicostudy was performed of Cyperus rotundus constituents and pathological protein oxalate oxidase (PDB Id: 2ETE). In vitrostudy, nucleation and aggregation assay involved for assessment of ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus tuber (50-3000 µg/ml).In vivo studies involved that the Cyperus rotundusethanolic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg B.wt.) wastreatedonsodium oxalate induced urolithiatic rats for seven days,evaluated kidney function by urine and serum biochemical analysis and statistical analysis performed usingGraphPad prism5 software.In silico results showedthat Cyperus rotundus constituents,Humulene epoxide, 4-Oxo-alpha-ylangene, Cubebol were exhibited better binding energyonoxalate oxidase.Ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundustuber was exhibited nucleation, aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals inhibition in dosedependent manner. Sodium oxalate treatment was triggered biochemical changesin the urine that have been substantially prevented by the ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus tuber. The current findings Cyperus rotundus anti urolithic activity due to antioxidant essential oils. The molecular docking results could be used to optimize lead and develop the appropriate urolithiasis treatment.

Evaluation of the antibacterial synergism of two plant extracts belonging to Bignoniaceae family and development of a topical formulation

Abstract Fridericia caudigera and Cuspidaria convoluta (Bignoniaceae) species, which grow in the northwest of Argentina, have shown antibacterial effect against strains isolated from skin infections, and each one displayed synergism with commercial antibiotics. The aims of this work were to evaluate the antibacterial activity and toxicity of the combination of these two plant species, and to design a stable gel for topical use including the blend of extracts. The combination of extracts was evaluated for synergistic effects (chequerboard assay), genotoxicity (Ames test) and cytotoxicity (Artemia salina test). A gel was subsequently formulated with the combination of extracts using carboxymethylcellulose as a polymer. The following physico- chemical characteristics of the gel formulation: pH, viscosity, spreadability and total phenol content, as well as resistance to severe temperature changes, biological activity (diffusion in agar), in vitro permeation (Franz cells) and primary dermal irritation (Draize test) were analyzed. The combination of extracts showed a synergistic effect on pathogenic bacteria and was not toxic in the in vitro tests. The gel was stable and retained the antimicrobial activity of the original extracts. The formulation proposed in this work could constitute an alternative for primary skin infections since it proved to be safe for topical administration.

Cytotoxic activity of extracts from Tecoma species and isolated lignans

Abstract A phytochemical study of Tecoma genus (Bignoniaceae) was accomplished by antitumor activity of ethanolic extracts. Species of this genus are composed of small shrubs often used as ornamental plants. The Tecoma stans species is used in folk medicine for different purposes. Recent work shows in vitro anticancer activity against human breast cancer. The ethanolic extracts from leaves and trunks of Tecoma casneifolia, T. garrocha, T. stans var. angustata and T. stans var. stans were tested in vitro. The assays used were against line tumor cells by the MTT method and the most active extracts were further studied. In this way, the ethanolic extract from T. stans var. stans trunks presented the higher cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines studied (CC50 0.02 to 0.55 µg/ml) when compared to the other extracts tested (CC50 0.08 to 200.0 µg/ml). Accordingly, this extract was selected for chromatographic fractionation from which five known lignans were isolated. Further, paulownin, paulownin acetate, sesamin, olivil and cycloolivil were identified using 13C and 1H NMR, IR, UV and spectroscopy and spectrometric MS techniques. These isolated compounds were tested and exhibited CC50 ranging from 13.01 to100.0 µg/ml which is superior to the ethanolic extract of trunk of T. stans

In Vitro Anther Culture for Doubled Haploid Plant Production in Spelt Wheat.

Doubled haploid (DH) plant production belongs to modern biotechnology methods of plant breeding. The main advantage of DH plant production methods is the development of genetically homozygous lines in one generation, whilst in conventional breeding programmes, the development of homozygous lines requires more generations. The present chapter describes an efficient protocol for DH plant production in spelt wheat genotypes using in vitro anther culture.

Influência do uso da proantocianidina em um adesivo autocondicionante: avaliação da resistência de união / Influence of the use of proanthocyanidinin a self-etching adhesive: evaluation of bond strength / Influenciadel uso de proantocianidinaem um adesivo autograbante: evaluación de la fuerza de unión

Introdução:Os sistemas adesivos possibilitama execução de restaurações estéticas e minimamente invasivas, sendo, portanto,objeto de pesquisas para contornar os problemas que se apresentam no procedimento restaurador.Objetivo:Avaliar in vitroa resistência de união de um sistema adesivo autocondicionante, e deste modificado com soluções extrativas de semente de uva.Metodologia:Duas soluções extrativas foram preparadas comextrato de semente de uva em pó dissolvido em acetona e etanol. A partir delas e de umadesivo,seis sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes experimentais foram preparados, diferindo quanto aosolvente utilizado eàsproporções entre adesivo puro e solução extrativa(7,5%, 15% e 30%). Setenta incisivos bovinos hígidos tiveram as raízes removidas com disco de carborundum e as faces vestibulares desgastadas comlixas d'água de granulação 120, 240, 600 e 1200 sob refrigeração até expor a dentina superficial. Os dentes foram distribuídos aleatoriamenteem sete grupos distintos: Controle; A7,5; A15; A30; E7,5; E15; e E30, contendo 10 elementos cada. A aplicação dos adesivos foi executada de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante do adesivo controle. A restauração foi realizada com uma matriz de silicone com dimensões 2mm de altura e 4mm de diâmetro e inserido o material restaurador em incremento único e fotopolimerizado por 40s. Após três meses armazenados em água destilada, os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de resistência de união. Foi empregado ométodo estatísticoTeste Paramétrico Anova 1 Fator e pós-teste de Tamhane (p<0,05). Resultados:Os grupos A7,5, E7,5 e E30 não apresentaram diferença em relação ao grupo Controle; A15 e A30 mostraram desempenho estatisticamente semelhante entre si; e E15 não apresentou diferença estatística em relação aos outros adesivos.Conclusões:A adição de proantocianidina teve efeitos diferentes,dependendodos solventes e das concentrações utilizadas, mas sem alterar significativamente o desempenho do adesivo (AU).

Introduction:Adhesive systems make it possible to perform aestheticand minimally invasive restorations, being the subject of research to circumvent the problems that arise in the restorative procedure.Objective:Evaluate in vitrothe bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system,and modified with extractive grape seed solutions. Methodology:Two extractive solutions were prepared with powdered grape seed extract dissolved in acetone and ethanol. From them and an adhesive, six experimental self-etching adhesive systems were prepared, differing in terms of the solvent used and the proportions between pure adhesive and extractive solution(7.5%, 15% and 30%). Seventy healthy bovine incisors had their roots removed with carborundum disc and the vestibular faces were worn with sandpaper with granulation water 120, 240, 600 and 1200 under refrigeration until the superficial dentin was exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to seven different groups: Control; A7.5; A15; A30; E7.5; E15; and E30, containing 10 elements each. The application of the adhesives was carried out according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the control adhesive. The restoration was performed with a silicone matrix with dimensions 2mm high and 4mm indiameter and the restorative material was inserted in a single increment and light cured for 40s. After three months stored in distilled water, the specimens were submitted to the bond strength test. The statistical method Parametric Test Anova 1 Factor and Tamhane post-test (p<0.05) were used. Results:Groups A7.5, E7.5 and E30 showed no difference in relation to the Control group; A15 and A30 showed a statistically similar performance; and E15 showed no statistical difference in relation to the other adhesives. Conclusions:The addition of proanthocyanidin had different effects, depending on the solvents and concentrations used, but without significantly altering the performance ofthe adhesive (AU).

Introducción: Sistemas adhesivos permiten realizar restauraciones estéticas y mínimamente invasivas, siendo objeto de investigación para sortear problemas que surgen en elprocedimiento restaurador. Objetivo: Evaluar in vitrola fuerza de unión de un sistema adhesivoautograbante y modificado con soluciones extractivas de semilla de uva. Metodología: Se prepararon dos soluciones extractivas con extracto de semilla de uva en polvo disuelto en acetona y etanol. A partir de ellos y de un adhesivo, se prepararon seis sistemas experimentales de adhesivos autograbantes, que se diferencian en cuanto al solvente utilizado y las proporciones entre adhesivo puro y solución extractiva (7,5%, 15% y 30%). Setenta incisivos bovinos sanos fueron removidos con un disco de carborundo y las caras vestibulares fueron usadas com lija de agua de granulación 120, 240, 600 y 1200 bajo refrigeración hasta que la dentina superficial quedo expuesta. Los dientes se asignaron aleatoriamente a siete grupos diferentes: Control; A7,5; A15; A30; E7,5; E15; y E30, que contiene 10 elementos cada uno. La aplicación de los adhesivos se realizó siguiendo las recomendaciones del fabricante del adhesivo de control. La restauración se realizó con matriz de silicona con 2mm de altura y 4mm de diámetro y el material restaurador se insertó en un solo incremento y se fotopolimerizó durante 40s. Tres meses después, almacenados em agua destilada, las muestras se sometieron a la prueba de resistencia de la unión. Se utilizó el método estadístico Prueba Paramétrica Factor Anova 1 y post-prueba de Tamhane (p<0,05). Resultados: Los grupos A7,5, E7,5 y E30 no mostraron diferencias em relación con el grupo Control; A15 y A30 mostraron un desempeño estadísticamente similar; y E15 no mostró diferencia estadística en relación con los otros adhesivos. Conclusiones: La adición de proantocianidina tuvo diferentes efectos, dependiendo de los disolventes y concentraciones utilizadas, pero sin alterar significativamente el rendimiento del adhesivo (AU).

Antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect assessment of the leaves from Syzygium cumini (L. ) Skeels in Wistar rats

Syzygiumcumini(L.) Skeels wasadaptedto the climatic conditionsandsoil typesin Brazil. Its fruits, leaves andinner barkare usedin folk medicinedue to their highantioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenicandantidiabeticactivities mainlyassociated with the presenceof phenolic compounds. It is estimated thatat least300million peopleworldwide developdiabetesand approximately 11million peopleare carriersof the disease in Brazil.The objectiveof this workwas to evaluate thein vitro antioxidant activity, as well as thehypoglycemic actionofhydroethanolic extract(HEE), the ethyl acetate(EAF) andhydromethanolic(HMF) fractions from leavesofS.cumini(L.) Skeels in rats. All assays werecarried out in three replications. Data wereexpressed as meanSDand significance was evaluated by ANOVAand Bonferronitest (p < 0.05). The results indicatea significant(p < 0.05) total phenolcontent (207 ± 2.3GAE mg g-1) andantioxidant activity(EC50=9.05±0.170 µg mL-1) for EAF. HEE and its fractions showed no significant (p > 0.05) actionto modulateglucosebytheOGTT assayinnondiabetic micecompared to control. Thus the use of the plant against diabetes in individuals is not proven.